BootUp loaded applications

Applications started via the BootUp loader, since they cannot include the CYGPKG_BOOTUP package themselves, may need access to some related configuration state. The platform is responsible for providing such “common” information. For example, the CDL option CYGIMP_BOOTUP_RESERVED specifies the amount of on-chip flash set aside for BootUp. Applications can then ensure that they do not interfere with the BootUp loader if using the remaining on-chip flash for their own purposes.

Warning

Care must be taken to ensure that the target application configuration matches the BootUp configuration, since it is normally expected that the applications to be loaded will be independent of the initial BootUp build environment. This includes the fundamental on-chip flash space set aside for the BootUp ROM loader code (CYGIMP_BOOTUP_RESERVED) as well as, when using CYGPKG_BUNDLE support, where the bundle image is located (selected Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) and offset/partition information). It is expected that such values, for a particular platform instance, will be fixed at a suitable point during development, and definitely before products are shipped. It is the responsibility of the developer to ensure a consistent configuration between the BootUp ROM loader and any applications that may be installed/started by that BootUp code.

The platform HAL header file at <cyg/hal/plf_io.h> defines the following convenience function for BootUp, and applications started by BootUp, to ascertain the configured off-chip bundle/update location:

extern struct cyg_flash_dev *hal_stm324x9i_eval_source_flash( cyg_flashaddr_t *pbase,
                                                              cyg_flashaddr_t *plimit );

The function will return a pointer to the relevant flash device. The passed pbase parameter is a pointer to the value to be filled with the base address for the image (or NULL if the value is not needed by the caller). Similarly the plimit parameter is a pointer to the value to be filled with the limiting address for any image, or NULL if the address is not needed.

Primarily to avoid source duplication, the hal_stm324x9i_eval_source_flash() function provides common run-time access to the settings derived from the CDL options CYGIMP_BOOTUP_STM324X9I_EVAL_SOURCE, CYGNUM_BOOTUP_STM324X9I_EVAL_SOURCE_OFFSET and CYGNUM_BOOTUP_STM324X9I_EVAL_SOURCE_LIMIT.

Bundle based applications

When the CDL option CYGIMP_BOOTUP_STM324X9I_EVAL_BUNDLE is enabled, the STM324x9I-EVAL platform BootUp code incorporates the CYGPKG_BUNDLE package and support for bundle based application distribution.

The current STM324x9I-EVAL platform BootUp bundle support is limited (by design) to starting SDRAM based applications. i.e. CYG_HAL_STARTUP_JTAG startup type. This has implications for early EVAL hardware containing parts that suffer from the FMC errata since that precludes the use of the off-chip PSRAM and NOR memories when targetting SDRAM for main application code+data.

	Note
	The (slightly misleading) JTAG startup type name is used for standalone SDRAM based applications for historical reasons. The RAM startup name is assumed by some systems to refer to an application that relies on the presence of a debug monitor. BootUp is purely a “loader” and does NOT provide GDB stubs, so cannot support CYG_HAL_STARTUP_RAM applications.

The platform HAL and CYGPKG_BUNDLE package provide a common set of routines shared by both BootUp and applications. This ensures that all bundle operations are carried out in a compatible and consistent manner.

Figure 309.1. On-chip flash

BootUp ROMINT application in on-chip flash

On startup the BootUp loader will use the hal_stm324x9i_eval_source_flash() function to ascertain the NVM memory used to hold the source bundle image. If a valid bundle image is found, then the configured “main application” item tag as specified by the CDL option CYGNUM_BOOTUP_STM324X9I_EVAL_BUNDLE_TAG is searched for within the bundle. If a valid matching tag item is found, then the data from that item is loaded into SDRAM and executed.

Note

This simple approach of using a fixed, pre-allocated, area for holding the bundle image simplifies the BootUp (and similarly any main application based update) code without the issues that would need to be considered if the bundle was stored in a filesystem. e.g. a JFFS2 filesystem on the SPI flash, with potentially slow JFFS2 mount performance, inability to ascertain how much “true” free space is available on the filesystem, programmatic support for deletion of “data” to free space for a bundle as part of an update, etc. The normal “lifetime” cycles of NOR flash (e.g. S25FL256S) should be more than sufficient for the “limited” number of in-field updates that may be undertaken on a specific board over its lifetime.

Figure 309.2. NVM bundle

Main application held in bundle stored in NVM

If a valid bundle exists and contains a valid CYGNUM_BOOTUP_STM324X9I_EVAL_BUNDLE_TAG item, then the BootUp loader will always start that application. The BootUp loader itself does NOT perform any update revision based automatic update support. That support is entirely within the domain of the started application program, which is responsible for all system update decisions and processing.

The only case where BootUp will initiate a system update is when a bundle is not present or is invalid, or when an otherwise valid bundle doesn't contain a valid CYGNUM_BOOTUP_STM324X9I_EVAL_BUNDLE_TAG item. In this case BootUp will attempt to install a bundle from external media. The current example implementation uses a FATFS formatted SD Card for this purpose.

	Note
	A beneficial side-effect of this approach is that it can help simplify the board production process. Boards only need to be pre-initialized with the stable BootUp binary, which can then be used to install the latest application firmware in NVM.

The example BootUp bundle support provided for this platform expects a single release bundle to be stored in the root directory of an inserted FATFS SD Card. The first file found that matches the CYGDAT_BOOTUP_STM324X9I_EVAL_BUNDLE_PREFIX prefix is used. Any filename text after the prefix is ignored and can contain human-readable or customer specific identification information as required. For example, assuming CYGDAT_BOOTUP_STM324X9I_EVAL_BUNDLE_PREFIX is configured as “MyProductName_”, then files named MyProductName_1.02, MyProductName_1.03.B99.1234, MyProductName_example.bin would all be matched.

The SD Card FATFS filesystem is mounted read-only, so any interrupted update operations (e.g. loss-of-power, reset condition) should not affect the “validity” of the FATFS filesystem held on the SD Card.

Since only a single bundle image is held in the SPI flash there is a chance for the SPI flash based bundle to be in a “corrupt” state if an update fails (power-loss, CPU reset, etc.) during an active update. However, since an update is only manually started when a validated image is available on an SDcard, if the update is interrupted the same SDcard (and field-engineer/operator) should be available to re-apply the update on the system restart. This avoids the (normal) “robustness” requirement of providing two application images to be held in the SPI flash to ensure “safe” updates.

To reiterate, the BootUp code will ONLY perform an update from an SD Card to the NVM when there is NO valid main application bundle/item pair (missing or corrupted). For in-field upgrades any update process will be instigated under the control of the BootUp started “main application”. For example, the application could use the CYGPKG_BUNDLE API to validate a bundle image from whatever source it has access to, and then to update the relevant NVM image itself. If the update is provided on an SD Card then (after ensuring the SD Card does contain a valid bundle image) the main application just needs to invalidate the current NVM bundle image, and then force a CPU reset to have BootUp detect the now invalid main application and apply the update. It is up to the developer to decide the best approach for their particular needs in how point-revision updates are installed, and is beyond the scope of this documentation.

The bundle implementation currently limits the number of automatic update attempts when a missing/invalid bundle is detected. This is a deliberate choice to avoid continually failing attempts that could eventually wear out a flash device. The platform hal_stm324x9i_eval_badapp() function implementation, when bundle support is configured, will reset the system to allow another restart attempt if the “Tamper/Key” (CYGHWR_HAL_STM324X9I_EVAL_BUTTON_USER) button is pressed for more than one second. This can be used to manually force another “automatic” update attempt to be started.

When BootUp has installed a bundle to the SPI flash, the last 4-bytes of the SPI flash area (partition) set aside for the bundle will be erased to 0xFFFFFFFF. This location and value can be used by the customer main application to ascertain that an install/update has just been performed (since sector erase will only occur as part of a bundle install/update). It is the responsibility of the main application to update this single location (clearing at minimum 1-bit) if it wants to track “post update” state. This can by used by the main application to acknowledge the update, and can ensure, for example, that any (potentially slow) “post update” main application specific functionality is not performed on every normal startup. For example, the main application may need to check and update the software components of attached daughter-boards from the bundle, and can use this mechanism to ensure it is only performed once after an update. This simple (erased flash) mechanism avoids complicated support for passing non-volatile “log” information between the seperate BootUp and main application worlds.

	Note
	The main application should NOT use bit 31 of this field (treating the 32-bit value as being stored in little-endian format) since it is reserved as a flag for the BootUp loader update processing. The main application should ALWAYS leave bit 31 set.

On-Chip ROMAPP applications

If the CDL option CYGIMP_BOOTUP_STM324X9I_EVAL_BUNDLE is not enabled, then BootUp provides an alternative mechanism that supports the safe update of on-chip flash resident (CYG_HAL_STARTUP_ROMAPP) applications.

Updates using this mechanism are initiated and directed solely by the application itself. The application is responsible for locating, acquiring and verifying a new update, and placing it into NVM storage. If BootUp detects a verified update in NVM, it installs the update into the on-chip flash, overwriting and replacing the existing application. The updated application is then executed.

Figure 309.3. BootUp and Application

BootUp ROMINT loader and ROMAPP main application held in on-chip flash

Figure 309.4. Application Update image

Update for ROMAPP main application held in NVM

The example implementation uses a simple scheme that checks a fixed-format contiguous structure near the start of the binary application image file. Other than the fields used to identify the structure, the BootUp code does not interpret the hal_stm324x9i_eval_bootup_structure_t structure identity field.

Depending on how the alternative (pending update) application is downloaded and installed in the NVM, it may be more relevant to have the tail marker at the very end of the binary image. The developer may wish to update the build/release process so that the actual binary length is held in the application description structure, since that could avoid the overhead of unnecessary flash reads and writes when processing updates. Similarly, instead of a simple binary number being used to differentiate application images, the choice may be made to use the 64-bit UTC timestamp the application was created, or a human-readable string as the unique identification for a release. It is the responsibility of the build/release engineer to ensure individual releases are uniquely identifiable.

It is critical that the main application, when storing a pending update, stores the tail marker as the last bytes written. It is the responsibility of the main application to verify the data written, prior to placing the tail marker. This ensures that a partial image is not treated as a valid update. For example the sequence undertaken by the main application would be:

The BootUp loader code will only READ from the alternative image location. This ensures that if an in-progress update is interrupted (e.g. power-loss) then when the system restarts the BootUp code will restart the application update as required.

If the BootUp platform implementation for validating the alternative image is extended to include a CRC, or similar “slow” processing, it may be worth considering whether the main application on startup will always invalidate the tail marker after an update to avoid subsequent system resets having to re-validate the alternative image prior to discovering that it is the same as the current main application.

	Note
	We cannot have the SIGNATURE support purely conditional on the BOOTUP support; since non-BOOTUP applications need to be built leaving the space. For the moment this is only enforced for ROMAPP applications, since that is all that the simple (non-BUNDLE) BootUp update support implements.

Building BootUp

The ROMINT startup type is chosen for BootUp so that the loader uses the on-chip SRAM for its workspace, to avoid the overhead of managing off-chip memory where the target application will be loaded.

Example eCos configuration templates for BootUp are provided in the misc directory of the release. The hostboot_ROMINT.ecm configuration file can be used to construct a bundle based BootUp loader and bootup_ROMINT.ecm for the simpler on-chip ROMAPP update BootUp loader.

Building a BootUp ROM image is most conveniently done at the command line. For the stm32429i_eval_drb (SPI modified board), the steps needed to rebuild the bundle based ROMINT version of BootUp on linux are:

$ mkdir hostboot_romint
$ cd hostboot_romint
$ ecosconfig new stm32429i_eval_drb minimal
[ … ecosconfig output elided … ]
$ ecosconfig import \
  $ECOS_REPOSITORY/hal/cortexm/stm32/stm324x9i_eval/current/misc/hostboot_ROMINT.ecm
$ ecosconfig resolve
$ ecosconfig tree
$ make

The steps needed to rebuild the bundle based ROMINT version of BootUp on Windows within the Shell Environment are

C:\Users\demo> mkdir hostboot_romint
C:\Users\demo> cd hostboot_romint
C:\Users\demo\hostboot_romint> ecosconfig new stm32429i_eval_drb minimal
[ … ecosconfig output elided … ]
C:\Users\demo\hostboot_romint> ecosconfig import \
  %ECOS_REPOSITORY%/hal/cortexm/stm32/stm324x9i_eval/current/misc/hostboot_ROMINT.ecm
C:\Users\demo\hostboot_romint> ecosconfig resolve
C:\Users\demo\hostboot_romint> ecosconfig tree
C:\Users\demo\hostboot_romint> make

The resulting install/bin/bootup.bin binary can then be programmed into the on-chip flash from address 0x08000000.

It is expected that the BootUp binary is installed onto the STM32F427 on-chip flash either via JTAG/SWD or by utilising the on-chip BootROM USB based DFU process. This is a factory or in-field process requiring specific equipment/host-software.

Once BootUp is installed it is not normally expected to require updating. Its purpose is to bootstrap the main application, and provide a standard mechanism for installing the main application. The update mechanism does NOT provide a method for updating the BootUp loader itself. If in-field updates of the BootUp binary are necessary, this could be achieved via the STM32 on-chip BootROM USB based DFU process.

BootUp Test Programs

The tests/bundle_example.c source implements a simple example of an application that utilises the CYGPKG_BUNDLE package. Its code could serve as a useful starting point when adding bundle update support to your own application.

Normally a standard CYG_HAL_STARTUP_JTAG configured build of the bundle_example would be used. If the bootup application is used to bootstrap the processor and is built as described in Building BootUp, the eCos Configuration against which bundle_example is linked must also include “CRC Support” (CYGPKG_CRC), “Zlib compress/decompress support” (CYGPKG_COMPRESS_ZLIB), “File IO” (CYGPKG_IO_FILEIO) and “Generic FLASH memory support” (CYGPKG_IO_FLASH). The “ST STM32 SPI bus 1 option” (CYGHWR_DEVS_SPI_CORTEXM_STM32_BUS1) must also be enabled.

As well as ensuring the required packages are present in the configuration, the CDL option CYGBLD_HAL_CORTEXM_STM324X9I_EVAL_TESTS_MANUAL, and its sub-option CYGBLD_HAL_CORTEXM_STM324X9I_EVAL_TEST_BOOTUP, should be enabled to allow bundle_example to be built.

	Note
	If required, the release provides an example “default” template for the stm32429i_eval_drb platform in the misc/bundle_example.ecm file which includes all the necessary packages and defines the necessary options. This can be imported to a configuration (using either the command-line ecosconfig import, or the GUI configtool “File->Import...” support).

Once built, a raw binary copy of the application would be extracted for adding to a bundle using the arm-eabi-objcopy command. For example:

$ arm-eabi-objcopy -O binary bundle_example bundle_example.bin

The resulting binary could then be added to a bundle image using the host-based bundle tool:

$ bundle MyProductName_example.bin create add 0x0001:bundle_example.bin:C:md5

Refer to the bundle host tool section for detailed information on the bundle host tool.

In this example the bundle image would then be placed onto a suitably formatted FATFS SD Card. The bundle would then be installed into the NVM either by a pre-existing main application, or by the BootUp loader if a valid bundle is not currently installed in the NVM.

	Note
	When placing the bundle image onto a FATFS SD Card only the CYGDAT_BOOTUP_STM324X9I_EVAL_BUNDLE_PREFIX configured filename prefix is checked by the BootUp code. It is expected that only a single, suitably prefixed, bundle is present on an SD Card used for update/installation.

The provided bundle_invalidate test can be used during BootUp bundle testing to explicitly invalidate any NVM held bundle. This can be done to check the BootUp operation when no valid bundle containing a main application is available, e.g. to test installation from FATFS SD Card.