Chapter 64. FLASH I/O devices

Chapter 64. FLASH I/O devices
	Part XVIII. NOR Flash Support

Chapter 64. FLASH I/O devices

Table of Contents

64.1. Overview and CDL Configuration
64.2. Using FLASH I/O devices

It can be useful to be able to access FLASH devices using the generic I/O infrastructure found in CYGPKG_IO, and the generic FLASH layer provides an optional ability to do so. This allows the use of functions like cyg_io_lookup(), cyg_io_read(), cyg_io_write() etc.

Additionally it means that, courtesy of the “devfs” pseudo-filesystem in the file I/O layer (CYGPKG_IO_FILEIO), functions like open(), read(), write() etc. can even be used directly on the FLASH devices.

64.1. Overview and CDL Configuration

This package implements support for FLASH as an I/O device by exporting it as if it is a block device. To enable this support, the CDL option titled “Provide /dev block devices”, also known as CYGPKG_IO_FLASH_BLOCK_DEVICE, must be enabled. (There is also a legacy format alternative which is now deprecated).

There are two methods of addressing FLASH as a block device:

Using the FLASH Information System (FIS) - this is a method of defining and naming FLASH partitions, usually in RedBoot. This option is only valid if RedBoot is resident and was used to boot the application. To reference FLASH partitions in this way, you would use a device name of the form /dev/flash/fis/partition-name, for example /dev/flash/fis/jffs2 to reference a FIS partition named JFFS2.
The CDL option CYGFUN_IO_FLASH_BLOCK_FROM_FIS must be enabled for this support.
Referencing by device number, offset and length - this method extracts addressing information from the name itself. The form of the device would be /dev/flash/device-number/offset[,length]
device-number
This is a fixed number allocated to identify each FLASH region in the system. The first region is numbered 0, the second 1, and so on. If you have only one FLASH device, it will be numbered 0.
offset
This is the index into the FLASH region in bytes to use. It may be specified as decimal, or if prefixed with 0x, then hexadecimal.
length
This field is optional and defaults to the remainder of the FLASH region. Again it may be specified in decimal or hexadecimal.
Some examples:
/dev/flash/0/0
This defines a block device that uses the entirety of FLASH region 0.
/dev/flash/1/0x20000,65536
This defines a block device which points inside FLASH region 1, starting at offset 0x20000 (128Kb) and extending for 64Kb.
/dev/flash/0/65536
This defines a block device which points inside FLASH region 0, starting at offset 64Kb and continuing up to the end of the device.
Obviously great care is required when constructing the device names as using the wrong specification may subsequently overwrite important areas of FLASH, such as RedBoot. Using the alternative via FIS names is preferable as these are less error-prone to configure, and also allows for the FLASH region to be relocated without requiring program recompilation.

64.2. Using FLASH I/O devices

The FLASH I/O block devices can be accessed, read and written using the standard interface supplied by the generic I/O (CYGPKG_IO) package. These include the functions: cyg_io_lookup() to access the device and get a handle, cyg_io_read() and cyg_io_write() for sequential read and write operations, cyg_io_bread() and cyg_io_bwrite() for random access read and write operations, and cyg_io_get_config() and cyg_io_setconfig() for run-time configuration inspection and control.

However there are two aspects that differ from some other I/O devices accessed this way:

The first is that the lookup operation uses up resources which must be subsequently freed when the last user of the I/O handle is finished. The number of FLASH I/O devices that may be simultaneously opened is configured with the CYGNUM_IO_FLASH_BLOCK_DEVICES CDL option. After the last user is finished, the device may be closed using cyg_io_setconfig() with the CYG_IO_SET_CONFIG_CLOSE key. Reference counting to ensure that it is only the last user that causes a close, is left to higher layers.
The second is that write operations assume that the flash is already erased. Attempting to write to Flash that has already been written to may result in errors. Instead FLASH must be erased before it may be written.

FLASH block devices can also be read and written using the standard POSIX primitives, open(), close(), read(), write(), lseek(), and so on if the POSIX file I/O package (CYGPKG_FILEIO) is included in the configuration. As with the eCos generic I/O interface you must call close() to ensure resources are freed when the device is no longer used.

Other configuration keys are provided to perform FLASH erase operations, and to retrieve device sizes, and FLASH block sizes at a particular address. These operations are accessed with cyg_io_get_config() (or if using the POSIX file I/O API, cyg_fs_getinfo()) with the following keys:

CYG_IO_GET_CONFIG_FLASH_ERASE

This erases a region of FLASH. cyg_io_get_config() must be passed a structure defined as per the following, which is also supplied in <cyg/io/flash.h>:

typedef struct {
  CYG_ADDRESS offset;
  size_t len;
  int flasherr;
  cyg_flashaddr_t err_address;
} cyg_io_flash_getconfig_erase_t;

In this structure, offset specifies the offset within the block device to erase, len specifies the amount to address, flasherr is set on return to specify an error with the FLASH erase operation itself, and err_address is used if there was an error to specify at which address the error happened.

CYG_IO_GET_CONFIG_FLASH_LOCK

This protects a region of FLASH using the locking facilities available on the card, if provided by the underlying driver. cyg_io_get_config() must be passed a structure defined as per the following:

typedef struct {
  CYG_ADDRESS offset;
  size_t len;
  int flasherr;
  cyg_flashaddr_t err_address;
} cyg_io_flash_getconfig_lock_t;

In this structure, offset specifies the offset within the block device to lock, len specifies the amount to address, flasherr is set on return to specify an error with the FLASH lock operation itself, and err_address is used if there was an error to specify at which address the error happened. If locking support is not available -EINVAL will be returned from cyg_io_get_config().

CYG_IO_GET_CONFIG_FLASH_UNLOCK

This disables protection for a region of FLASH using the unlocking facilities available on the card, if provided by the underlying driver. cyg_io_get_config() must be passed a structure defined as per the following:

typedef struct {
  CYG_ADDRESS offset;
  size_t len;
  int flasherr;
  cyg_flashaddr_t err_address;
} cyg_io_flash_getconfig_unlock_t;

In this structure, offset specifies the offset within the block device to unlock, len specifies the amount to address, flasherr is set on return to specify an error with the FLASH unlock operation itself, and err_address is used if there was an error to specify at which address the error happened. If unlocking support is not available -EINVAL will be returned from cyg_io_get_config().

CYG_IO_GET_CONFIG_FLASH_DEVSIZE

This returns the size of the FLASH block device. The cyg_io_get_config() function must be passed a structure defined as per the following, which is also supplied in <cyg/io/flash.h>:

typedef struct {
  size_t dev_size;
} cyg_io_flash_getconfig_devsize_t;

In this structure, dev_size is used to return the size of the FLASH device.

CYG_IO_GET_CONFIG_FLASH_DEVADDR

This returns the address in the virtual memory map that the generic flash layer has been informed that this FLASH device is mapped to. Note that some flash devices such as dataflash are not truly memory mapped, and so this function only returns useful information when used with a true memory mapped FLASH device. The cyg_io_get_config() function must be passed a structure defined as per the following, which is also supplied in <cyg/io/flash.h>:

typedef struct {
  cyg_flashaddr_t dev_addr;
} cyg_io_flash_getconfig_devaddr_t;

In this structure, dev_addr is used to return the address corresponding to the base of the FLASH device in the virtual memory map.

CYG_IO_GET_CONFIG_FLASH_BLOCKSIZE

This returns the size of a FLASH block at a supplied offset in the FLASH block device. The cyg_io_get_config() function must be passed a structure defined as per the following, which is also supplied in <cyg/io/flash.h>:

typedef struct {
  CYG_ADDRESS offset;
  size_t block_size;
} cyg_io_flash_getconfig_blocksize_t;

In this structure, offset specifies the address within the block device of which the FLASH block size is required - a single FLASH device may contain blocks of differing sizes. The block_size field is used to return the block size at the specified offset.


Chapter 63. The legacy Version 1 eCos FLASH API		Chapter 65. Common SPI Flash Memory Device Driver

2024-12-10

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